 Visning av honnørposter for LurePer
|
|
Sider: 1 2 34 ... 8
|
|
31
|
Generelt / Studier og Forskninger / The Effects of Varying Doses of T on Insulin Sensitivity, Plasma Lipids, Apolipo
|
13. juli 2005, 23:16
|
Discussion
Our data demonstrate that over a wide span of serum T concentrations within the broad physiological range, T administration had no significant effect on plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, insulin sensitivity, and CRP. Only the highest dose of T enanthate (600-mg/wk) that produced supraphysiological T concentrations was associated with significant lowering of plasma HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-I levels. We recently reported that T dose-dependently increases fat-free mass and muscle size (16); significant increases in fat-free mass and muscle volume were observed with 125-, 300-, and 600-mg doses. Taken together with the data reported previously, the current study demonstrates that significant gains in fat-free mass, muscle size, and muscle strength can be achieved at T doses that do not significantly affect insulin sensitivity, CRP, plasma lipids, and apolipoproteins in a population of healthy young men.
Androgen effects on plasma HDL-C depend on the dose, type of androgen used (aromatizable or not), and route of administration (oral or parenteral). Supraphysiological doses of androgens, especially orally administered, nonaromatizable, androgenic steroids, undoubtedly decrease plasma HDL-C levels (33, 34, 35, 36). When nonaromatizable androgens such as stanozolol are administered, the response is a marked reduction in HDL-C, particularly the HDL-C2 fraction, and a significant increase in LDL-C levels. (33). However, in several placebo-controlled studies of older men, physiological T replacement had minimal or no effect on plasma HDL-C levels (3, 4, 5, 6).
Several epidemiological studies have reported a direct relationship between circulating T concentrations and plasma HDL-C levels (37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42). For instance, in the Telecom study (38), men with normal and low T were compared for cardiovascular risk factors. The men with low T had a higher body mass index, waist/hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, fasting and 2 h blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C, apolipoprotein B, and fasting and 2-h plasma insulin and lower values of HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-I. Importantly, SHBG levels were also lower in the low T group. Because SHBG levels affect total T concentrations, it is possible that the association between total T and plasma HDL-C concentrations found in cross-sectional epidemiological studies is a reflection of the effects of higher insulin levels in men with higher body mass index on SHBG concentrations. Indeed, the bioavailable T levels were not significantly different between the two groups in the Telecom study. A direct relationship between plasma T and HDL-C concentrations was also shown in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (37). It is not clear whether the relationship between T and HDL-C is independent of other correlates, particularly the effects of obesity on SHBG concentrations. Factors that may influence both HDL and T include coexisting disease states, obesity and body fat distribution, and lifestyle factors, such as smoking, alcohol, and exercise. Some of the factors that decrease HDL-C may also be associated with lower SHBG levels and might indirectly affect T levels.
In our study changes in apolipoprotein A-I levels were inversely correlated with serum T concentrations. Because apolipoprotein A-I, a component of HDL particles, is thought to be cardioprotective, and its levels are inversely related to cardiovascular risk, the decrease in apolipoprotein A-I at the 600-mg dose of T enanthate might be viewed as deleterious.
The effects of T administration on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity remain poorly understood. Total T levels are inversely related to insulin concentrations in several cross-sectional studies (39, 42, 43, 44, 45). Fasting insulin levels are higher and T and SHBG values are lower in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (39). Haffner et al. ( 39) reported that lower T levels were correlated with a higher waist/hip ratio and lower nonoxidative, whole body glucose disposal in men. Administration of exogenous androgens has been reported to induce glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia in some studies (20, 21, 22), but other studies found no significant changes in glucose tolerance or insulin concentrations with administration of T or 19-nor-T to men even at pharmacological doses (46). A marked lowering of T levels in the male rat by surgical castration as well as the administration of supraphysiological doses of T induces insulin resistance (20). This suggests that the relationship between T levels and insulin sensitivity might be curvilinear. Our study failed to find any significant changes in SI, SG, and AIRG in any treatment group over a wide range of serum T concentrations. Our data differ from those of Marin (17, 18, 19, 47), who reported improvements in insulin sensitivity, blood glucose, and blood pressure after T supplementation in middle-aged men who had visceral obesity and low T levels. In contrast to the studies by Marin et al. (17, 18, 19, 47), the subjects in our study were younger and had significantly lower fat mass. Marin et al. used euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, whereas we used frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance test to assess insulin sensitivity; we do not know whether the differences in methodology could have contributed to the observed differences in outcomes. We cannot exclude the possibility that in middle-aged men with midsegment obesity, T might decrease whole body and intraabdominal fat and thereby improve insulin sensitivity.
Serum T levels are inversely correlated with fat mass, particularly visceral fat area (45, 48). The induction of androgen deficiency in young men is associated with a decrease in lipid oxidation rates and an increase in total fat mass (10). T replacement of young (8, 9, 12) and older hypogonadal men (5) decreases fat mass. T inhibits uptake of labeled triglycerides and enhances lipid mobilization from the visceral fat (49). As fat mass is an important determinant of insulin sensitivity (50), T supplementation would be expected to improve the latter by decreasing fat mass. It is possible that we did not observe changes in insulin sensitivity in this study because our participants were lean.
CRP, an inflammation-sensitive marker, has emerged as an important independent predictor of coronary events (23, 52). In mice, both constitutive and IL-6-dependent expressions of CRP transgene require T (53, 54). Furthermore, treatment with T results in an increase in CRP in male rats (54). Our data did not show a significant change in CRP levels at any dose of T in healthy young men.
In conclusion, only the 600-mg dose of T enanthate, which was associated with highly supraphysiological T concentrations, decreased HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-I levels in healthy young men. Over a wide range of T concentrations, there was no significant change in plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, insulin sensitivity, and CRP concentrations. Whereas significant gains in fat-free mass and muscle size were observed with the 125- and 300-mg doses of T, these doses were not associated with a concurrent deterioration in the lipoprotein profile, CRP levels, or insulin sensitivity. Several studies are in agreement that significant gains in fat-free mass and muscle strength can be accrued in healthy hypogonadal men (8, 9, 10, 11, 12), older men with low T levels (3, 5), and human immunodeficiency virus-infected men with weight loss (7) by increasing serum T concentrations from hypogonadal levels into a range that is mid-normal for healthy young men. Thus, physiological T replacement in hypogonadal states may improve muscle mass without adversely affecting the cardiovascular risk factors. Although long-term studies are needed to determine directly the effects of T supplementation on cardiovascular event rates and atherosclerosis progression, our data do not support the idea that T replacement in doses that raise serum T concentrations into the mid to high normal range will necessarily adversely affect the risk of atherosclerotic heart disease.
|
| Honnør gitt av : Baahh, 14. juli 2005, 01:46
|
|
|
32
|
Generelt / Loggbok Online / SV: HITman´s DC-dagbok
|
09. mai 2005, 19:09
|
Pinglevekter kan dette ihvertfall ikke kalles.
Litago er forresten noe av det mest anabole som finnes. |
| Honnør gitt av : Mr. Junior, 13. juli 2005, 12:04
|
|
|
33
|
Generelt / Studier og Forskninger / Østrogen brenner fett!
|
09. juli 2005, 19:34
|
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jun;90(6):3592-9.
Estrogen supplementation reduces whole body leucine and carbohydrate oxidation and increases lipid oxidation in men during endurance exercise.
Hamadeh MJ, Devries MC, Tarnopolsky MA.
Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University Medical Center, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5.
Healthy active men exhibit higher rates of carbohydrate (CHO) and leucine oxidation and lower rates of lipid oxidation compared with their female counterparts both at rest and during moderate intensity endurance exercise. We postulated that this reduced dependence on amino acids as a fuel source in women was due to the female sex hormone estrogen. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, we investigated the effect of supplementing 12 recreationally active men with estrogen on whole body substrate oxidation and leucine kinetics at rest and during moderate intensity endurance exercise. Subjects cycled for 90 min at an intensity of 65% maximum O(2) consumption after 8 d of either estrogen supplementation (2 mg 17beta-estradiol/d) or placebo (polycose). After a 2-wk washout period, they repeated the test after 8 d of the alternate treatment. On the test day, after a primed continuous infusion of l-[(13)C]leucine, O(2) consumption, CO(2) production, steady-state breath (13)CO(2), and plasma alpha-[(13)C]ketoisocaproate enrichments were measured at rest and at 60, 75, and 90 min during exercise in the postabsorptive state. Exercise increased energy expenditure more than 5-fold, CHO oxidation more than 6-fold, lipid oxidation more than 4-fold, and leucine oxidation 2.2-fold (all P < 0.0001), whereas it decreased the ratio of lipid to CHO oxidation by 50-70% (P = 0.003) compared with values at rest. Estrogen supplementation decreased respiratory exchange ratio during exercise (P = 0.03). Estrogen supplementation significantly decreased CHO oxidation by 5-16% (P = 0.04) and leucine oxidation by 16% (P = 0.01), whereas it significantly increased lipid oxidation by 22-44% (P = 0.024) at rest and during exercise. We conclude that estrogen influences fuel source selection at rest and during endurance exercise in recreationally active men, characterized by a reduced dependence on amino acids and CHO and an increased reliance on lipids as a fuel source. |
| Honnør gitt av : Baahh, 12. juli 2005, 03:52
|
|
|
34
|
Trening / Doggcrap / SV: DC sitt proteininntak.
|
10. juli 2005, 16:55
|
| Min påstand: det finnes ikke den kvinne i verden, som har behov for opp til 450 gram proteiner daglig. |
| Honnør gitt av : Baahh, 12. juli 2005, 03:47
|
|
|
37
|
Generelt / Åpent forum / Rimtråd
|
23. juni 2005, 09:49
|
Bare la det være klart,
selv om du synes det er rart,
i denne tråden må alle innlegg rime,
det går fort om du er smart, mye mindre enn en time,
til de som rynker på snuten,
og tenker: "slikt tøys kan vi være foruten",
vil jeg si: "gjør noe annet, surf etter pornografi,
men husk at aktørene helst bør være over ti",
og husk, ikke glem, at pryl vil vanke,
ja, det er sant, jeg vil ikke nøle med å banke,
de som ikke rimer, uansett motiv,
jeg vil bade vedkommende i blod infisert med HIV,
et balltre vil knuse dine indre organer,
ja, ikke engang tenk i de baner
men nok om det, rim skal være gøy,
akkurat som å låne din kjærestes undertøy,
jeg overlater ballen til neste forfatter,
imens vil jeg kikke på bilder av svenskekongens datter. |
| Honnør gitt av : .:P-Nutz:., 24. juni 2005, 09:07
|
|
|
38
|
Generelt / Åpent forum / Rimtråd
|
23. juni 2005, 09:49
|
Bare la det være klart,
selv om du synes det er rart,
i denne tråden må alle innlegg rime,
det går fort om du er smart, mye mindre enn en time,
til de som rynker på snuten,
og tenker: "slikt tøys kan vi være foruten",
vil jeg si: "gjør noe annet, surf etter pornografi,
men husk at aktørene helst bør være over ti",
og husk, ikke glem, at pryl vil vanke,
ja, det er sant, jeg vil ikke nøle med å banke,
de som ikke rimer, uansett motiv,
jeg vil bade vedkommende i blod infisert med HIV,
et balltre vil knuse dine indre organer,
ja, ikke engang tenk i de baner
men nok om det, rim skal være gøy,
akkurat som å låne din kjærestes undertøy,
jeg overlater ballen til neste forfatter,
imens vil jeg kikke på bilder av svenskekongens datter. |
| Honnør gitt av : aiwass, 23. juni 2005, 15:15
|
|
|
39
|
Helse & Velvære / Helse og Livsstil / SV: Kul i testikkel
|
22. juni 2005, 09:11
|
Dette sier Dr. Tormod Aanonsen om kuler på testiklene:
Kuler på testiklene er ikke så uvanlig. Din beskrivelse av kulen, gir meg ikke noe grunnlag for å stille diagnose, men bare grunnlag for å spekulere litt omkring temaet. Det kan jo være mange forskjellige ting, og oftest er det jo ikke kreft. Men "kuler" bør undersøkes og vurderes av lege, først og fremst klinisk, men ultralyd kan være en verdifull undersøkelse i vurderingen. Man slipper jo ikke unna spørsmålet om det kan være en ondartet tilstand.
Noen vanlig godartede kuler i pungen er:
1. Varikocele er synlige vide, slyngete blodårer i øvre del av pungen, mest uttalt på venstre side. Når man tar på det kjennes myke, slyngete årer som tømmes i liggende stilling.
2. Spermatocele er cystedannelser (væskefylte hulrom) lokalisert til bitestikkelen i pungen (øverst i pungen). Spermatocele gir sjelden symptomer. Man oppdager ofte kulen selv ved tilfeldighet.
3. Hydrocele testis er en tilstand med væskeansamling i hinnen rundt testikkelstrengen og selve testikkelen. De vanligste plagene er ubehag når pungen øker i størrelse. I enkelte tilfeller kan det være ømhet eller smerter i området.
Vennlig hilsen
Dr. Tormod Aanonsen
Ligner litt paa Sven-O, noe som gjoer meg skeptisk.
|
| Honnør gitt av : codey, 22. juni 2005, 15:01
|
|
|
40
|
Helse & Velvære / Helse og Livsstil / SV: Kul i testikkel
|
22. juni 2005, 09:11
|
Dette sier Dr. Tormod Aanonsen om kuler på testiklene:
Kuler på testiklene er ikke så uvanlig. Din beskrivelse av kulen, gir meg ikke noe grunnlag for å stille diagnose, men bare grunnlag for å spekulere litt omkring temaet. Det kan jo være mange forskjellige ting, og oftest er det jo ikke kreft. Men "kuler" bør undersøkes og vurderes av lege, først og fremst klinisk, men ultralyd kan være en verdifull undersøkelse i vurderingen. Man slipper jo ikke unna spørsmålet om det kan være en ondartet tilstand.
Noen vanlig godartede kuler i pungen er:
1. Varikocele er synlige vide, slyngete blodårer i øvre del av pungen, mest uttalt på venstre side. Når man tar på det kjennes myke, slyngete årer som tømmes i liggende stilling.
2. Spermatocele er cystedannelser (væskefylte hulrom) lokalisert til bitestikkelen i pungen (øverst i pungen). Spermatocele gir sjelden symptomer. Man oppdager ofte kulen selv ved tilfeldighet.
3. Hydrocele testis er en tilstand med væskeansamling i hinnen rundt testikkelstrengen og selve testikkelen. De vanligste plagene er ubehag når pungen øker i størrelse. I enkelte tilfeller kan det være ømhet eller smerter i området.
Vennlig hilsen
Dr. Tormod Aanonsen
Ligner litt paa Sven-O, noe som gjoer meg skeptisk.
|
| Honnør gitt av : Lunah, 22. juni 2005, 10:16
|
|
|
42
|
Generelt / Ã…pent forum / SV: NTNU
|
10. juni 2005, 17:21
|
har du ikke hørt NTNU står i brann no:O hører på radio..
Jeg er på NTNU og kan ikke registrere noen brann. Kanskje jeg bare er uoppmerksom. |
| Honnør gitt av : Down and coming, 11. juni 2005, 12:43
|
|
|
43
|
Trening / Kroppsbygging og Fitness / SV: Kutte ut bicepstreninga?
|
31. mai 2005, 21:43
|
| Det er nok individuelt hvor mye triceps og biceps taes i bruk i henholdsvis press- og roøvelser, og det sikkert igjen grunnen til at noen klarer seg uten direkte armtrening, mens andre er avhengig av det for å få resultater. |
| Honnør gitt av : Rotten Banana of Insanity, 04. juni 2005, 22:43
|
|
|
45
|
Helse & Velvære / Helse og Livsstil / SV: kvinner og muskler
|
31. mai 2005, 21:40
|
Ikke spesielt mye. Nå er jeg ikke helt sikker på hvilken BMI fitnessjenter og lignende ligger på, men det er uansett ikke snakk om den store masseøkningen. Jenter vil ha elendig partisjonering i forhold til gutter, på grunn av de lave testosteronnivåene. Å begi seg ut på et kosthold med betraktelig kalorioverskudd, er derfor dessverre en sikker vei til å bli en vaggende dundre.
Kalorimessig vil jeg derfor anta det er mest gunstig for jenter å legge seg omkring vedlikeholdsnivået, og gradvis "bytte ut" fett med muskelmasse ved hjelp av vekttrening, kardio og et gjennomtenkt kosthold.
Muskler vil ikke dra en gitt mengde vann, hvor hydrert/dehydrert man er, er avhengig av mange andre faktorer. Uansett vil ihvertfall glykogenet i musklene binde en del vann, med et forhold på tre til en såvidt jeg husker. |
| Honnør gitt av : Melissa, 02. juni 2005, 08:53
|
|
|
