Kan du vise til noe konkret forsking, isteden for en hel haug med svada statistikk som ikke beviser noen ting?
In Hong Kong in 1989 twice as much dairy products were consumed as in 1966 (21) and osteoporosis incidence tripled in the same period. (23) Now their milk consumption level is almost “European”, and so is osteoporosis incidence. (24)
Tror du virkelig forskjellen på melkeinntaket fra 1966 til 1989, er avgjørende faktor for ostioperose?
Tror du ikke det er en GOD del andre faktorer som har forandret seg på disse årene under den industrielle revolusjon?
Her er noe av de viktigste bidragsytrene til ostioperose. Tror du ikke disse har økt drastisk i dette tidsrommet?
Excess alcohol - small amounts of alcohol do not increase osteoporosis risk and may even be beneficial, but chronic heavy drinking (alcohol intake greater than 2 units/day),[7] especially at a younger age, increases risk significantly.[8]
Vitamin D deficiency[9] - low circulating Vitamin D is common among the elderly worldwide.[10] Mild vitamin D insufficiency is associated with increased Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) production. [10] PTH increases bone reabsorption, leading to bone loss. A positive association exists between serum 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol levels and bone mineral density, while PTH is negatively associated with bone mineral density.[10]
Tobacco smoking - tobacco smoking inhibits the activity of osteoblasts, and is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis.[7][11] Smoking also results in increased breakdown of exogenous estrogen, lower body weight and earlier menopause, all of which contribute to lower bone mineral density.[10]
Low body mass index - being overweight protects against osteoporosis, either by increasing load or through the hormone leptin.[12]
Malnutrition - low dietary calcium intake, low dietary intake of vitamins K and C[9] Also low protein intake is associated with lower peak bone mass during adolescence and lower bone mineral density in elderly populations.[10]
Physical inactivity - bone remodeling occurs in response to physical stress. Weight bearing exercise can increase peak bone mass achieved in adolescence.[10] In adults, physical activity helps maintain bone mass, and can increase it by 1 or 2%.[citation needed] Conversely, physical inactivity can lead to significant bone loss.[10]
Excess physical activity - excessive exercise can lead to constant damages to the bones which can cause exhaustion of the structures as described above. There are numerous examples of marathon runners who developed severe osteoporosis later in life. In women, heavy exercise can lead to decreased estrogen levels, which predisposes to osteoporosis. In addition, intensive training without proper compensatory increased nutrition increases the risk.
Heavy metals - a strong association between cadmium, lead and bone disease has been established. Low level exposure to cadmium is associated with an increased loss of bone mineral density readily in both genders, leading to pain and increased risk of fractures, especially in the elderly and in females. Higher cadmium exposure results in osteomalacia (softening of the bone).[13]
Soft drinks - some studies indicate that soft drinks (many of which contain phosphoric acid) may increase risk of osteoporosis;[14] Others suggest soft drinks may displace calcium-containing drinks from the diet rather than directly causing osteoporosis.[15]
References
References
1. a b c WHO (1994). "Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group". World Health Organization technical report series 843: 1–129. PMID 7941614.
2. Kim DH, Vaccaro AR (2006). "Osteoporotic compression fractures of the spine; current options and considerations for treatment". The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 6 (5): 479–87. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2006.04.013. PMID 16934715.
3. Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, Rubenstein LZ (2007). "Will my patient fall?". JAMA 297 (1): 77–86. doi:10.1001/jama.297.1.77. PMID 17200478.
4. Melton LJ (2003). "Epidemiology worldwide". Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 32 (1): 1–13, v. PMID 12699289.
5. a b c d e f Raisz L (2005). "Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts, and prospects.". J Clin Invest 115 (12): 3318–25. doi:10.1172/JCI27071. PMID 16322775.
6. Ojo F, Al Snih S, Ray LA, Raji MA, Markides KS (2007). "History of fractures as predictor of subsequent hip and nonhip fractures among older Mexican Americans". Journal of the National Medical Association 99 (4): 412–8. PMID 17444431.
7. a b Poole KE, Compston JE (December 2006). "Osteoporosis and its management". BMJ 333 (7581): 1251–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.39050.597350.47. PMID 17170416.
8. Berg KM, Kunins HV, Jackson JL et al (2008). "Association between alcohol consumption and both osteoporotic fracture and bone density". Am J Med 121 (5): 406–18. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.12.012.
9. a b Nieves JW (2005). "Osteoporosis: the role of micronutrients.". Am J Clin Nutr 81 (5): 1232S–1239S. PMID 15883457.
10. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n WHO Scientific Group on the Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis (2000 : Geneva, Switzerland) (2003). "Prevention and management of osteoporosis : report of a WHO scientific group" (pdf). Retrieved on 2007-05-31.
11. Wong PK, Christie JJ, Wark JD (2007). "The effects of smoking on bone health". Clin. Sci. 113 (5): 233–41. doi:10.1042/CS20060173. PMID 17663660.
12. Shapses SA, Riedt CS (2006). "Bone, body weight, and weight reduction: what are the concerns?". J. Nutr. 136 (6): 1453–6. PMID 16702302.
13. Staessen J, Roels H, Emelianov D, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, Vangronsveld J, Fagard R (Apr 3 1999). "Environmental exposure to cadmium, forearm bone density, and risk of fractures: prospective population study. Public Health and Environmental Exposure to Cadmium (PheeCad) Study Group.". Lancet 353 (9159): 1140–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09356-8. PMID 10209978.
14. Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP (2006). "Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84 (4): 936–42. PMID 17023723.
15. "Soft drinks in schools". Pediatrics 113 (1 Pt 1): 152–4. 2004. PMID 14702469.
16. a b c d e Simonelli, C et al (July 2006). "ICSI Health Care Guideline: Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, 5th edition" (PDF). Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Retrieved on 2008-04-08.
17. a b c d e f g h i j k l Kohlmeier, Lynn Kohlmeier (1998). "Osteoporosis - Risk Factors, Screening, and Treatment". Medscape Portals. Retrieved on 2008-05-11.